Don't know about the first couple questions, really, but I can answer the last one. If the 16 year old's life is at risk, they'd go ahead and operate without consent, just as they would with an adult who's unconscious or otherwise unable to give consent.
![[personal profile]](https://www.dreamwidth.org/img/silk/identity/user.png){kind=small}
no subject
Date: 2011-03-19 09:13 pm (UTC)